1. Father of
western philosophy
2. “One thing I
know that is I know nothing”Famous quote
3. I generate
new ideas of other people
4. To get
knowledge is a virtue and knowledge based on reasons and logics
5. Right and
wrong is
universal
6. Morality
coupled with politics is mandatory for survival of state and humanity
Plato 424-348
1. Disciple of Socrates
2. Plato wrote all
material of his teacher, but he had some differences with his teacher and he
does not disobey or disrespect his teacher
1. Founder of
political thought because he gave ideas about politics, state, laws of state
etc
2. Famous book
a. Republic
3.
Ideal
state
a. State based
on justice
b. Society
divided into three layers
i.
Philosopher
ii.
Forces
iii.
Working persons
c. King should
be philosopher
d. Division of
state
i.
Monarchy ---- tyranny
ii.
Aristocracy ----oligarchy
iii.
Democracy ---- anarchy
e. State based
on justice without any discrimination
f.
State acts as body
g. Controlled
state based on communism
Aristotle
1. Student of
Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great
2. Man is
social animal
3. Evolution of
state
4. Management
of state
5. Progress of
state depends on
a) Moral values
and political institution of state
b) No body
allowed to break the law
c) Laws types
i.
Distributive laws
ii.
Corrective laws
d) King can’t
be a philosopher
e) People
select their representative
f) Slavery
should be an institution and properly managed by state
g) Separation
of power
i.
Executive
ii.
Legislative
iii.
Judiciary
h) Type of
state
i.
Monarchy----tyranny
ii.
Aristocracy ---oligarchy
iii.
Polity ----democracy
6. Famous books
a) Politics
b) Constitution
Niccole Machiavelli 1469-1527
1. Italian
philosopher
2. Forms of
government through which Italy had been passing since centuries
a. Monarchy,
b. democracy
and
c. again
monarchy
3. Villain in
western world
4. Human nature
a. Man is
strange mixture of weaknesses, folly, irrational, dishonesty, fit only to be
ruled by other
b. Men are
wicked, timid, and acquisitive discontented, stupid, self-centered and
essentially selfish and egoism are chief forces of human conduct.
c. Men are
ungrateful, fickle, ambitious, deceitful, cowardly and avaricious.
5. His works
a. The Prince
b. The Arts of
War
c. Life
Castruccio
d. History of
Florence (not published in his life)
6. The Prince
a. Power
politics
b. Prince like
lion and clever like fox
c. Religion
used as a tool
d. Act first
policy
e. Big slogans
f.
Always prepare for war
g. Develop good
relations with neighbor but have an eye on them
h. Stand with
poor
i.
Ruthless measures are must for general welfare of public
j.
Manipulation of trickery is must
k. Maintain
strong national army for implementing his authority
l.
Money used for buy the people
7. Division of
Government
a. Monarchy -------
tyranny
b. Aristocracy ------oligarchy
c. Constitutional
democracy or Polity ----- democracy
d. Nationalism
8. Human nature
a. Selfish and
state of nature based on war and rule of jungle in which everyone strive for
their self-interest.
b. He believes
that life is nasty, poor, bruits, and individual egoism and people work for
self-protection.
Thomas Hobbs 1588-1679
1. UK
philosopher
2. Famous books
a. De corpore
politics
b. De Cive
c. Lavianthan
(sea monster)
3. Human nature
a. Man are not
social but an isolated individual
b. Man’s
psychology is based on stimulus response not on pleasure pain consideration
c. Man is ego
centric, self-seeking, fearful and competitive in the case of
combativeness
d. He is
cunning, egoistic, brutal, aggressive and quarrelsome
e. Two drivers
of man
i.
Good the object of any man’s apatite or desire. (Security)
ii.
Evil the object of man’s hate or aversion (insecurity)
4. Social
contract among human beings which lead to formation of state
a. Laws of the
state
b. Rights of
people
c. Head of
community
d. Power of
head
e. First
contract between people to people then it shifted to state and people.
f.
Contract is social, unilateral, irrevocable, absolute, source of
law and some individuals’ liberties. It is further explained as
i.
It is social contract not a governmental contract
ii.
It was a sole source of law and liberty
5. Nature of
social contract
6. Attributes
of Lavianthan
7. Rights and
duties of sovereign or Lavianthan
a. Law making
b. Administration
c. Governing
and conducting policies
d. Choosing
counselors and delegating authorities
e. Providing
safety and prosperity
f.
Securing effectiveness
Jean Bodin
1. His works
a. Response
b. Comprehension
of history
c. Universe
nature theatrum
d. Six lives de
la Republique
e. Demonomanic
f.
Heplaphomere
2. Theory of
State
g. Definition
of state
i.
State as government of many families
ii.
State as a lawful government
iii.
State as sovereignty and state can execute it by force
iv.
State is governed by reason
h. Empirical
study of history
i.
Distinction between society and state
j.
Religious tolerance
k. Political
expediency
3. Concept of
Sovereignty
l.
Absolute power over all citizens and association within its
territorial boundaries
m. No external
authority effect the sovereignty
n. Corporations,
cities, and feudal lords are subject under the laws of the state and not above
the state
o. It is a
perpetual power and not for a limited time period
p. It is
undefeated and delegated without limit or conditions
q. It is
inalienable
r. Its primary
function is to create laws through which community is governed and its affairs
are regulated.
s. Sovereign
has powers and become legally supreme. He is not subdued by any moral
obligations found in the laws of God and the law of nature
t. For Bodin
sovereignty is perpetual, humanly unlimited and unconditional right to make
interpret and execute laws.
u. Limitations
on sovereign
8. Forms of
government
a. Monarchy
i.
Lordly monarchy
ii.
Royal monarchy
iii.
Tyrannical monarchy
b. Aristocracy
c. Democracy
9. Monarchy
best form of government and leader must have unlimited power. He preferred
French like monarchy
10. True marks
of royal monarchy are
John Lock 1632-1704
1. England
philosopher
2. Father of
liberal democracy
3. Famous
writing
a. First
treaties of government
b. Second
treaties on government
c. An essay
concerning human understanding
d. Reasonableness
of Christianity
e. A letter
concerning tolerance
f.
The fundamental constitution of caridona
4. Liberal
democracy
a. Educated
people
b. Liberty
within laws
c. Laws ensure
liberty
d. Laws for run
the system not to control the people
e. Collaboration
among all strata of society
f.
Supreme power are responsible and accountable
g. Government
have limited rights
h. Theory of
consent
i.
People and government must have social contract
ii.
Fundamental rights must be given to people
iii.
Religion is under the control of state
iv.
Laws for people and according to people
Jean jack Rousseau 1711-1778
1. Man is born
free but everywhere he is in chains
2. Geneva
Switzerland philosopher
3. State of
nature
a. All humans
were equal and peaceful
b. But private
property generate capitalism and slavery that lead to division of society
4. Social
contract comprehensively explained
a. General will
i.
US declaration of independence
ii.
Bill of Rights
b. Government to run the system
c. Government
increased and become more powerful and ultimately people slave of government
5. Division of
society
a. Labor
b. Forces
c. Ruling class
6. Government
must
a. Take care of
liberty of people
b. Types of will
i.
Actual will for self
ii.
Real will for society and government
c. Types of
government
i.
Monarchy
ii.
Aristocracy
iii.
Democracy
Montesquieu
1689-1755
1. French
philosopher
2. State of
nature
a. Unhappy life
and fear in life which lead to build relations among people
b. Natural laws
are best
3. Types of
government
a. Monarchy
support medium state people
b. Despotism or
dictatorship illegal and in big state
c. Republic for
small state
d. Democracy
and aristocracy
e. Rulers must
be educated
f.
Separation of power
i.
Executive
ii.
Legislative
iii.
Judiciary
g. Liberty
within laws
h. Impact of
climate on countries
i.
Cold environment and
ii.
Warm environment
Immanuel Kant 1724-1804
1. German
philosopher
2. State
philosophy ----Rousseau
3. Constitution
-----Montesquieu
4. Concept of
government
a. Mixed form
of government
b. Sovereignty
belongs to people
c. Constitutional
way of change
d. Laws of
punishment
e. Separation
of power between legislature and executive and judiciary
f.
Social contract among the people instead of people and government
5. Freedom of
humanity is innate right of human beings
a. Moral
freedom and moral laws
b. People help
each other
c. Property and
right of contract is by birth right of human being
d. Human
knowledge is limited and one must think about beyond that
6. Enlighten thinker
a. Self-reasoning
Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832
1. UK
philosopher
2. Critically
analyze the constitution of the world
3. Founder of
utilitarianism
a. Maximum
benefit for maximum people
4. Pain (11
kinds) and pleasure (15 pleasure)
a. Struggle for
removal of pain and for gaining pleasure
b. Pains (bad
memory, hope, expectation)
c. Pleasure
(wealth, skill, repute, power,)
d. Constitution
based on pain and pleasure
5. Moral
decline in society
6. There is no
natural laws and manmade laws for their rights
7. Unlimited
powers to sovereign
a. People
punish when they revolt
b. Create healthy
environment
c. Flexible
constitution and laws
d. Democracy
i.
Unicameral legislature
ii.
Aware leadership
8. Duties
a. Political
b. Moral
c. Religious
9. Rights
a. Legal
b. Moral
10. Free trade
11. Justice and
punishment
a. Justice
system has many flaws
b. Laws are for
formalities
c. Power is
influence
d. Jury system
is the best judicial system
e. Punishment
i.
Prisoners’ rights
ii.
Moral training
iii.
Punishment for correction and according to crime
FredrickHegel1770-1831
1. German
philosopher
2. Hegelianism
3. Democracy
under monarch
4. Idealism
a. Moran values
of state
i.
Human self ego
ii.
Social self ego
iii.
State self ego
b. Moral laws
are important because states without moral values are destructive, selfish and
lead to power politics
c. There must
be ethical values in politics
d. Sovereignty
of government which enable to run the state
e. Monarchy
best form of government
i.
Sovereignty belongs to king
ii.
One elected person
iii.
Monarch act as dictator
iv.
People are independent and they have rights like democracy
v.
Laws are relevant to custom and culture of the state and these
laws are for the protection of freedom of people
vi.
State based on human consciousness
5. Division of
power
a. Executive
b. Legislative
c. Judiciary
6. State of
nature
a. No morality
no laws
7. Hegelian
dialects
a. Thesis
b. Antithesis
c. Synthesis
8. Reality
based on reason and idealism is reality and reason based on thought
John Stewart Mills
1. Father of
classical liberalism
2. British
Philosopher, economist, and civil servant
3. Disciple of
Jeremy Bentham and influenced by Plato, Socrates and Adam smith
4. Famous books
a. Utilitarianism
b. On liberty
c. Principles
of political economics
5. Promote free
thought and liberty
6. State must
protect freedom and it is duty of state to provide freedom
7. State
encourages and promotes pleasure and minimizes pains. So pains and pleasure
varies between pain and pleasure of
person to person
8. Democracy is
the best form government in which parliament is supreme
9. Voting
rights have only to literate people and literate people can cast more than one
vote
10. Private property
on the basis of hard work
11. Women rights
a. Women voting
rights in UK in 1918
12. Liberty is
more important than laws. But liberty based on
a. Moral values
b. No harm
policy
c. Protect
others liberty
d. Government
rights limited
e. Rights of
person is unlimited
f.
Religious liberty
David Hume 1711-1776
1. Empiricist (based
on experiments) vs rationalist (based on wisdom)
2. Natural laws
and natural rights
3. Reason is a
slave of passion, emotions conventional thinking and reason is under natural
laws and education increase reason
4. Passion
types
a. Calm passion
/Reason passion/ based on self interest
b. Violent
passion
5. Humans made
society and society based on justice
Thomas Hill Green 1836-1882
1. Uk
philosopher
2. Influenced
by Hegel, Marx, Hobbs
3. Ethics,
morality, religion is important for society survival
4. Industrial
revolution and talk about labor rights
5. Material
wealth and growth and going together
6. Utility and
idealism go hand to gather and state must provide facilities to promote both of
these but main focus on soul instead of material wealth,
7. Liberty but
controlled by state and laws
8. Private
property and capitalism promote
9. Right of
resistance and fight against those who confiscated ones rights either governmentor
person
10. Public
welfare duty of state and it is divine spirit
Karl Marx 1818-1883
1. Jew but
German
2. Anti-capitalist
3. Materialism
and socialism
4. Labor laws
and rights
5. Theory of surplus
value
6. Marxism
7. Famous books
a. Communist
Manifesto
b. Das Kapital
8. Criticism on
historian whose Writing focused on kings not poor
9. Capitalist
are united and labor is divided
10. Alienation
11. Class
struggle between Bourgeose and Proletriate
12. State of
nature based on equality but private property lead to capitalism
13. Russian
Revolution and formation of USSR
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